I

Id: in Psychoanalytic Theory, the Id is the innate part of the mind which operates on the ‘Pleasure Principle’ and is concerned only with fulfilling its desires, without regard to either morality or consequence. According to Sigmund Freud (1923), the Id has 2 instinctual drives:-

• Eros - the life instinct, the drive to express oneself as alive - Freud originally conceived the Id in terms of sex drive but later broadened it into the life drive (perhaps with sex, the creation of new life, as the ultimate expression of life)
• Thanatos - the death instinct, the drive to destroy self as well as others - a late addition to Freud’s theories reputed to be inspired by the wanton slaughter on the battlefields of World War I and, according to Max Schur (1972), the death of his daughter Sophie in the influenza epidemic of 1919.

In Integrated SocioPsychology terms, the concept of the Id is reflected in the self-orientation of the warm-coloured vMEMES on Clare W Graves' Spiral and can be seen at its most extreme in RED.

Idealism: this is the doctrine in Sociology that explanations must be via the subjective and conscious intentions of people.

Philosophy defines idealism as the concept that the world as encountered is, in part or whole, a construction of ideas.

Identified Patient: in Family Therapy the family member in whom the family's symptoms have emerged or are most obvious.

Identity Diffusion: a model developed by Erik Erikson to understand how people experience uncertainty about their sense of identity. Erikson developed the model in particular relation to adolescence, though clearly elements of it can - and do! -apply to people in later stages of life. Briefly the 4 components of Identity Diffusion are:-

• Fear of Intimacy - commitment to others may involve a loss of one's own identity
• Diffusion of Time - Erikson said this "consists of a decided disbelief in the possibility that time may bring change and yet also a violent fear that it might." The result is usually that the individual can't plan for the future they are anxious about
• Diffusion of Industry - this is characterised by either an inability to concentrate or enormous focused efforts on a single short-term activity
• Negative Identity - Erikson said this involved "a scornful and snobbish hostility towards the role offered as proper and desirable in
  one's family or immediate community." This can lead to the taking on of an extreme identity such as delinquent or drug abuser

Erikson's components are all typical of the RED vMEME's struggle to assert its independence without thought of consequences for its actions.

Identity Theory: this is the critical concept that every mental state has an equivalent or concomitant brain state. In its stronger form, it assumes that, if 2 people share a common mental state - eg: they both believe that rain falls from clouds - then the contention is that their brain states will be near-identical when they are thinking the same thought(s). See The Mind-Body Problem.

Ideology: the body of ideas reflecting the social needs and aspirations of an individual, group, class, or culture.

It can also be read as a set of doctrines or beliefs that form the basis of a political, economic or other system.

Immune System: a system of cells within the body that is focused on fighting against invading viruses, bacteria, etc.

White blood cells (leucocytes) identify and kill foreign bodies (antigens). Leucocytes include:-

• T-cells which destroy invaders
• T-helper cells which immunological activity
• B-cells which make antibodies to fight antigens
• Natural killer cells destroy certain kinds of tumour cells and cells infected with viruses

Stress is known to interfere with the immune system and prevent it working as effectively as it should.

Imposed Etic: a term coined by the cross-cultural psychological specialist John Berry (1969) to refer to the values, practices, norms and other characteristics of one culture or sub-culture being seen as universal and thus applied to other cultural groups whether appropriate or not.

Imperialism: a policy of extending your rule over foreign countries or a political orientation that advocates imperial interests.

It can also be read as any instance of aggressive extension of national authority.

Impression Management: in Sociology and Social Psychology  impression management is the process through which people try to control the impressions other people form of them.

It is a goal-directed, conscious or unconscious, attempt to influence the perceptions of other people about a person, object or event by regulating and controlling information in social interaction. It is usually used synonymously with self-presentation, if a person tries to influence the perception of their image. The notion of impression management also refers to practices in professional communication and public relations, where the term is used to describe the process of formation of an organisation’s public image.

Incongruence: with Humanistic therapies, the aim often is to narrow the between a poor perceived self and the ideal self - the personality the

client would like to be. See The Selfplex for more details on how on how differently-perceived ‘selves’ can impact up on our construction of the selplex, the confluence of schemas about ‘self’.

Independent Variable: see variable.

Individualism:  the notion that individuals should put their own self-interest before the interests of the group/family/clan/society to which they belong.

Independence and self-assertiveness are usually highly valued. There is an emphasis on ‘I’ as opposed to ‘we’.

Inductive Reasoning: the process of drawing a logical conclusion by using specific instances to infer a general law - going from the drawing a logical conclusion by using specific instances to infer a general law . Going from the the particular to the general.

Inferential Test: a type of statistical analysis that enables the researcher(s) to make inferences about an underlying population from a sample of data.

Inferential statistics allow researchers to decide whether an investigative finding is merely due to chance - and, if so, to accept the null hypothesis.

Informational Social Influence: is being persuaded to conform by the need to know in an ambiguous situation.

An example might be following others (who seem to know) to find a fire exit in a strange building after the fire alarm has gone off.

Inner Child: aka the 'Divine Child' (Carl Gustav Jung), the 'Wonder Child' (Emmet Fox) and the 'Child Within' (Charles Whitfield). Some psychotherapists think of the Inner Child as the 'True Self'.
How the Inner Child develops during childhood will impact on his/her eventual Enneagramme type, the development of the PURPLE and RED vMEMES and the mental health of the Id-Ego-Superego relationship in Psychoanalytic Theory.

Integral Psychology: Ken Wilber's philosophical approach for re-integrating spiritual consciousness into Developmental Psychology. He disdains what he terms the 'Flatland' approach where only "the world of matter and energy, empirically investigated by human senses and their tools, is real." The concept has the All Quadrants/All Levels model as a key element. This facilitates drawing upon ancient, mediaeval and modern psychologists, philosophers and mystics, both Eastern and Western, to create a new paradigm that includes waves of development, lines of development, states of consciousness and the self, following each from subconscious to self-conscious to superconscious.

(Unfortunately - but probably unsurprisingly - with Integral Spirituality, the successor concept, Wilber has wandered into some constructs that simply don’t stand up to scientific scrutiny. That shouldn’t distract from the importance of his earlier work.)

Integrated SocioPsychology: the term I have coined  for the alignment and 'complimentariness' of the differing fields of Psychology and the related behavioural sciences (Anthropology, Sociology) and 'hard sciences' (Biology, Neuroscience). The core of this approach is the use of the Graves Model - and its Spiral Dynamics build - to underpin Robert Dilts' Neurological Levels. At an individual/micro level, Hans J Eysenck's Dimensions of Temperament provides a robust model of temperamental traits. 4Q/8L provides an overarching schematic for considering both how the individual’s psyche is constructed to interact with the external world and how Structural Functionalism and Symbolic Interactionism contribute to our understanding of society. Memetics, the formation of meta-states and the effects of Reciprocal Determinism are also key areas of study in the Integrated SocioPsychology paradigm.

Intelligence: the ability to acquire information, to think and reason effectively, and to deal adaptively with the environment,

There are many definitions of intelligence - including the circular one of what intelligence tests measure (IQ)! - and it is an area of much debate in the fields of Psychology and Education. Howard Gardner (1983) has done much to stir up controversy about the nature of intelligence with his theory of Multiple Intelligences.

Intelligence Quotient (IQ): a measure of intelligence on an IQ test. Intelligence scores are usually normally distributed and the scores are standardised so that around 64% of the population fall within one standard deviation (85 below; 115 above) of the mean (100).

There are many criticisms of IQ tests - not least that they represent the test designer’s idea of what intelligence is and are, therefore, vulnerable to accusations of racial and cultural bias. While white Caucasians - on whom the original tests were piloted - tend to average out at around 100, blacks tend to average out at around 85 (Arthur Jensen, 1969) - though recent evidence suggests East Asians average out above whites at around 106 (J Philippe Rushton & Arthur Jensen, 2005).

Interactionist Dualism: (aka: Interactionism), this is the particular form of Dualism first espoused by René Descartes (1650). It is the view that mental states, such as beliefs and desires, causally interact with physical states.

An example might be a child touching a hot stove (physical event) which causes them to feel pain (mental event) and then yell and scream (physical event) which causes their parents to experience a sensation of fear and protectiveness (mental event) and so on.

Internal Representation: these are the schemas we employ to create a mental conception of something eg: self, A N Other or relationships.

Internal representations cannot be directly observed. Rather, they are inferred based on speech, writing, or psychological instruments such as projective tests.

Introspection: the studying and reporting of your own thought processes to understand how they work.

Inevitably the method involves subjectivity. However, Wilhelm Wundt (1879) claimed that he and the ‘introspectionists’ he used were so highly trained that they could observe their own thoughts without being biased by interpretation or previous experience.