Ci-Cn

Cingulate Gyrus: see limbic system.

Circadian Rhythm: a biological rhythm which occurs approximately every 24 hours.

Eg: the sleep-wake cycle.

Circannual Rhythm:  a biological rhythm that occurs in a cycle of around a year.

Eg: hibernation.

Circle of Excellence: an NLP personal resourcing exercise developed by John Grinder & Judith DeLozier (1987) that enables people to draw upon past successes and anchor (via Classical Conditioning) their critical qualities that were responsible for that success. The conditioning effect gives people rapid access to those qualities for new challenges.

Circles of Concern/Influence: this Stephen Covey (1989) concept owes much to Attribution Theory. A person's Circle of Influence contains all the things they can control to some extent; the Circle of Concern contains those things they can't control. Attributional dispositionalists will tend to focus on their Circle of Influence while situationalists will tend to focus on their Circle of Concern.
Covey's argument is that, to become more successful in life, people should become more dispositional and seek to expand their Circle of Influence. However, Julian B Rotter's (1966) contention that attributional tendencies are partly innate means changing attributional styles may not be as simple as Covey indicates.

Class: the hierarchical distinctions that exist between individuals or groups - eg: occupational groups - within a society. To identify by ‘class’ is a form of social stratification.

The term ‘class’ is also applied to any particular position within the social stratification hierarchy - eg: middle class, working class.

Class Consciousness: the awareness, amongst members of a social class, of common interests which are based on their own class situation and in opposition to the interests of other classes.

The term is particularly associated with Marxism where the concern is with the processes that foster the development of class consciousness in the Proletariat or the failure of such class consciousness to develop.

Class Struggle: Any political struggle between social classes based on an underlying conflict of interests between those classes.

Sociological and political theories which use this concept operate within an adversarial view of classes - ie: typically they view conflicts between classes as inevitable.

Classical Conditioning: when simple responses are associated - anchored in NLP terms - with new and previously unassociated stimuli. Most famously Ivan Pavlov (1902) got hungry dogs to associate various sounds - eg: bells and buzzers - with the arrival of food, to the point where the dogs would slaver just at the sound. Classical Conditioning has become hugely influential as a means of manipulation in certain areas of society, such as advertising. See also Behaviourism.

Classical Marxism: see Marxism.

Clinical Depression: the condition of Depression is associated with feelings of inadequacy, despondency, pessimism and sadness and accompanied by a decrease in activity and reactivity. Most people suffer very minor and short-lived bouts of Depression from time to time. When the condition is so extreme and intense that it prevents 'adequate functioning' for a minimum period of two weeks and is accompanied by physical symptoms such as significant shifts in sleeping and dietary patterns, then the condition is considered a 'clinical disorder'. The condition of Clinical Depression as described is also known as 'Major Depression' or 'Unipolar Disorder'. However, strictly speaking, the tem 'Clinical Depression' can also be applied to Manic Depressive Psychosis (aka Bipolar Disorder).

Clinical Psychology: the diagnosis and treatment of abnormal behaviour.

Client-Centred Therapy: aka Person-Centred Therapy, this type of Humanistic therapy was pioneered by Carl Rogers (1961). It focuses on the problem as the client sees it. The therapist or counsellor is usually fairly non-directive, preferring to act as a facilitator to what is important to the client and their perceptions of a problematic situation.

The aim is to increase the client’s self-esteem through unconditional positive regard from the counsellor or therapist.The underpinning assumption is that the client’s maladaptive behaviour or unhappiness results from having been given only conditional love in childhood; consequently the client works from an unhealthily-external locus of control  and is constantly striving to meet the conditions (real or imagined) of others to be accepted. This striving blocks the development to Self-Actualisation. The unconditional positive regard of the therapist or counsellor should lead to the client accepting themselves and thus able to develop Self-Actualisation.

From the Integrated SocioPsychology perspective, acceptance being conditional will damage the PURPLE vMEME, thus throwing off the development of the individual’s Spiral and undermining the Prime Directive or Actualising Tendency. However, the problems at PURPLE may have all kinds of effects on the way other vMEMES develop and schemas form. Thus, while healing PURPLE will need to be a key element of any therapeutic intervention, on its own Client-Centred Therapy is often not enough and may even be inappropriate - eg: when faced with unhealthy and aggressive RED.