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CAPI: As part of his Organisation LifeCycle concept, Ichak Adizes' concept of Coalescing the Authority to make decisions and the Power to implement decisions by those who know how to Influence/Integrate. Don Beck promotes CAPI as a vital step in structuring any form of MeshWORK.

Capitalism: A form of economic organisation in which the means of production are privately owned and controlled.

Capitalist World Metropolis: André Gunder Frank’s term for those countries at the Core of a chain of exploitation reaching into some of the poorest societies. The Capitalist World Metropolis exercises its control over societies on the Periphery primarily (though not exclusively) by economic means.

Caregiver Sensitivity Hypothesis: the explanation put forward by Mary Ainsworth that an infant forms a primary attachment with the person who is most sensitive and responsive to its social releasers.

Catharsis: the process of releasing pent-up psychic energy.

This is an important element in Psychoanalysis therapy where treatment involves making unconscious thoughts conscious This releases the associated emotions, thus enabling the pent-up psychic energy to be released and thus providing relief.

CAT Scan: the computerised axial tomography scan is a method of detecting activity in the brain to determine the function of different regions.

X-rays are passed through the head in a narrow beam while the participant is is engaged in an activity such as reading. X-ray detectors are arranged in an arc and feed information to a computer which generates the scan image.

Cerebral cortex. Graphic copyright © 2002 Society for Neuroscience

Cerebral Cortex: the surface layer (approximately 6 mm) of the cerebrum. It is tightly folded - hence the 'wrinkles' (sulci) - and divides into 4 pairs of Lobes:-

• Frontal - includes the primary and secondary motor cortex involved in the planning and control of movements. The frontal lobes are
  also associated with the higher thought processes such as abstract reasoning and plannng
• Parietal - contain the primary somatosensory cortex receiving information from the skin and the muscles about temperature, pain,
  pressure, etc
• Temporal - primarily involved in auditory processing and also important for the processing of memory information
• Occipital - mainly concerned with visual processing

The two halves of the cerebral cortex are joined by the fibres of the corpus callosum.

Cerebrum: the term often used interchangeably with forebrain, this is the largest part of the brain and is divided into two halves (cerebral hemispheres) which are joined by fibres, including the corpus callosum. The cerebral cortex forms the outer layer of the cerebrum. Within the cerebrum are subcortical structures, including the limbic system and the basil ganglia.

Chromosomes: the X-shaped bodies that carry all the genetic information for an organism. In humans there are 46 pairs of chromosomes (one from the mother, one from the father). The sex chromosomes for females are described as XX while males are designated XY - because the Y male sex chromosome carries relatively little genetic information.

Cingulate Gyrus: see limbic system.

Circadian Rhythm: a biological rhythm which occurs approximately every 24 hours.

Eg: the sleep-wake cycle.

Circannual Rhythm:  a biological rhythm that occurs in a cycle of around a year.

Eg: hibernation.

Circle of Excellence: an NLP personal resourcing exercise developed by John Grinder & Judith DeLozier that enables people to draw upon past successes and anchor (via Classical Conditioning) their critical qualities that were responsible for that success. The conditioning effect gives people rapid access to those qualities for new challenges.

Circles of Concern/Influence: this Stephen Covey concept owes much to Attribution Theory. A person's Circle of Influence contains all the things they can control to some extent; the Circle of Concern contains those things they can't control. Attributional dispositionalists will tend to focus on their Circle of Influence while situationalists will tend to focus on their Circle of Concern.
Covey's argument is that, to become more successful in life, people should become more dispositional and seek to expand their Circle of Influence. However, Julian Rotter's contention that attributional tendencies are partly innate means changing attributional styles may not be as simple as Covey indicates.

Classical Conditioning: when simple responses are associated - anchored in NLP terms - with new and previously unassociated stimuli. Most famously Ivan Pavlov got hungry dogs to associate various sounds - eg: bells and buzzers - with the arrival of food, to the point where the dogs would slaver just at the sound. Classical Conditioning has become hugely influential as a means of manipulation in certain areas of society, such as advertising. See also Behaviourism.

Clinical Depression: the condition of Depression is associated with feelings of inadequacy, despondency, pessimism and sadness and accompanied by a decrease in activity and reactivity. Most people suffer very minor and short-lived bouts of Depression from time to time. When the condition is so extreme and intense that it prevents 'adequate functioning' for a minimum period of two weeks and is accompanied by physical symptoms such as significant shifts in sleeping and dietary patterns, then the condition is considered a 'clinical disorder'. The condition of Clinical Depression as described is also known as 'Major Depression' or 'Unipolar Depression'. However, strictly speaking, the tem 'Clinical Depression' can also be applied to Manic Depressive Psychosis (aka Bipolar Depression).

Clinical Psychology: the diagnosis and treatment of abnormal behaviour.

Client-Centred Therapy: aka Person-Centred Therapy, this type of Humanistic therapy was pioneered by Carl Rogers. It focuses on the problem as the client sees it. The therapist or counsellor is usually fairly non-directive, preferring to act as a facilitator to what is important to the client and their perceptions of a problematic situation.

The aim is to increase the client’s self-esteem through unconditional positive regard from the counsellor or therapist.The underpinning assumption is that the client’s maladaptive behaviour or unhappiness results from having been given only conditional love in childhood; consequently the client is constantly striving to meet the conditions (real or imagined) of others to be accepted. This striving blocks the development to Self-Actualisation. The unconditional positive regard of the therapist or counsellor should lead to the client accepting themselves and thus able to develop Self-Actualisation.

From the Integrated SocioPsychology perspective, acceptance being conditional will damage the PURPLE vMEME, thus throwing off the development of the individual’s Spiral. However, the problems at PURPLE may have all kinds of effects on the way other vMEMES develop and schemas form Thus, while healing PURPLE will need to be a key element of any therapeutic intervention, on its own Client-Centred Therapy is often not enough and may even be inappropriate - eg: when faced with unhealthy and aggressive RED.

Caudate Nucleus: part of the basil ganglia, it is involved in inhibitory aspects of the voluntary control of movement.

Causal Layered Analysis: this is one of several 'Futures Techniques' used to enquire into the causes of social phenomena and to generate a set of forecasts for the phenomena. It consists of 4 levels of analysis:-

• the Litany - the official unquestioned view of reality
• social causes
• worldview/discourse - unconsciously-held ideological, worldview and discursive assumptions
• myth/metaphor - the unconscious emotive dimensions of the issue

Causal Schemata: Harold Kelley’s proposition that we determine the causes of behaviour on the basis of a general set of ideas (schemata or schemas) when there is little or no prior information about an individual’s or group’s behaviour. The concept is an extension of Covariation Theory.

• Multiple necessary causes  - the idea that a group of behaviours are jointly necessary for a particular cause to be attributed. Eg: the character of lateness is attributed to someone who is late regularly.
• Multiple sufficient causes - the idea that any one of several behaviours is sufficient to trigger an attribution. This applies when you only a single instance of behaviour has occurred.

Cause-and-effect:

CBT: see Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy.

Central Executive: see Working Memory Model.

Central Nervous System: the brain and spinal cord.

The central nervous system connects with the peripheral nervous system to subdivide into the somatic nervous system (controlling voluntary activity) and the autonomic nervous system (controlling involuntary activity).

Centre of Gravity: in Integrated SocioPsychology the term 'centre of gravity' describes the type of thinking and behaviour produced when a vMEME 'locks' into one of the 4 temperamental types derived from the intersection of Hans Eysenck's Neuroticism and Extraversion Dimensions of Temperament - ie:-

• PURPLE dominating the thinking of a Phlegmatic temperament
• RED dominating the thinking of a Choleric temperament
• BLUE dominating the thinking of a Melancholic temperament
• ORANGE influencing the thinking of a Sanguine temperament

By mapping the temperamental and motivational factors in William Moulton Marston’s DISC types, it is possible to see the relationships between vMEMES and Dimensions.

While there is as yet no known scientific research on the relationship between Eysenck’s third dimension of Psychoticism and vMEMES, anecdotal evidence supports the possibility of a RED-Psychoticism lock. It is also feasible a PURPLE-Impulse Control lock could be possible,

From DISC, it would appear that the influence of temperament on motivation starts to decrease with the emergence of ORANGE. Clare W Graves’ findings are that fear (associated with Neuroticism) and compulsion (associated with Psychoticism) have no motivational influence with the emergence of YELLOW. which contain both

Centres of gravity are also reflected in other typing systems such as the Enneagramme and Myers-Briggs.

Although movement up and down the Spiral is still possible and people can learn to move along the Dimensions, there will tend to be a reversion to the centre of gravity when there is no stimulation for other ways of thinking and behaving.

Cerebellum: large structure at the back of the hindbrain involved with motor control. It both controls movement and organises the sensory information that guides the movement.

Cat scan. Graphic copyright © 2002 Psychology Press Ltd