C-Ch

CAPI: As part of his Organisation LifeCycle concept, Ichak Adizes' (1988) concept of Coalescing the Authority to make decisions and the Power to implement decisions by those who know how to Influence/Integrate. Don Beck promotes CAPI as a vital step in structuring any form of MeshWORK.

Capitalism: A form of economic organisation in which the means of production are privately owned and controlled.

Capitalist World Metropolis: André Gunder Frank’s (1971) term for those countries at the Core of a chain of exploitation reaching into some of the poorest societies. The Capitalist World Metropolis exercises its control over societies on the Periphery primarily (though not exclusively) by economic means.

Caregiver Sensitivity Hypothesis: the explanation put forward by Mary Ainsworth, Sylvia Bell & Donelda Stayton (1974) that an infant forms a primary attachment with the person who is most sensitive and responsive to its social releasers.

Case Study: a detailed record of the experiences of an individual or a series of events occurring within a given framework (eg: the account of a life-cycle).

Cash Crops: are those crops grown for sale in the market, rather than for subsistence of redistribution.

Castes: are corporate social units which are ranked and generally defined by descent, marriage and occupation.

Undeveloped forms of caste exist in many parts of the world but caste organisation and ideology are elaborated to such an extent in Hindu societies that some scholars consider caste a uniquely Hindu phenomenon.

The beginnings of caste in a primitive society can be seen as the work of the PURPLE vMEME differentiating according to gender, age, occupation and heredity. But the level of organisation and ranking found in Hindu castes is clearly the work of BLUE, having taken PURPLE’s traditions and codified them into rigid societal structures.

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Cerebral cortex. Graphic copyright © 2002 Society for Neuroscience

Caudate Nucleus: part of the basil ganglia, it is involved in inhibitory aspects of the voluntary control of movement.

Causal Layered Analysis: this is one of several 'Futures Techniques' used to enquire into the causes of social phenomena and to generate a set of forecasts for the phenomena. It consists of 4 levels of analysis:-

• the Litany - the official unquestioned view of reality
• social causes
• worldview/discourse - unconsciously-held ideological, worldview and discursive assumptions
• myth/metaphor - the unconscious emotive dimensions of the issue

Causal Schemata: Harold Kelley’s (1972) proposition that we determine the causes of behaviour on the basis of a general set of ideas (schemata or schemas) when there is little or no prior information about an individual’s or group’s behaviour. The concept is an extension of Covariation Theory.

• Multiple necessary causes  - the idea that a group of behaviours are jointly necessary for a particular cause to be attributed. Eg: the character of lateness is attributed to someone who is late regularly.
• Multiple sufficient causes - the idea that any one of several behaviours is sufficient to trigger an attribution. This applies when you only a single instance of behaviour has occurred.

Cause-and-effect: the claim made in an experimental setting that change in the independent variable caused change in the dependent variable.

CBT: see Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy.

Central Executive: see Working Memory Model.

Central Nervous System: the brain and spinal cord.

The central nervous system connects with the peripheral nervous system to subdivide into the somatic nervous system (controlling voluntary activity) and the autonomic nervous system (controlling involuntary activity).

Centration: a characteristic of young children’s thinking where the child may focus upon one feature in the environment while ignoring others, how ever relevant,

Centre of Gravity: in Integrated SocioPsychology the term 'centre of gravity' describes the type of thinking and behaviour produced when a vMEME 'locks' into one of the 4 temperamental types derived from the intersection of Hans Eysenck's (1967) Neuroticism and Extraversion Dimensions of Temperament - ie:-

• PURPLE dominating the thinking of a Phlegmatic temperament
• RED dominating the thinking of a Choleric temperament
• BLUE dominating the thinking of a Melancholic temperament
• ORANGE influencing the thinking of a Sanguine temperament - the relationship, when it occurs, between ORANGE and Sanguine appears to be much weaker than the others

By mapping the temperamental and motivational factors in William Moulton Marston’s DISC types (1928), it is possible to see the relationships between vMEMES and Dimensions.

While there is as yet no known scientific research on the relationship between Eysenck’s (1976) third dimension of Psychoticism and vMEMES, anecdotal evidence supports the possibility of a RED-Psychoticism lock. It is also feasible a PURPLE-Impulse Control lock could be possible,

From DISC, it would appear that the influence of temperament on motivation starts to decrease with the emergence of ORANGE. Clare W Graves’ (1978/2005) findings are that fear (associated with Neuroticism) and compulsion (associated with Psychoticism) have no motivational influence with the emergence of YELLOW. Graves’ findings with regard to loss of fear with the emergence of YELLOW support Abraham Maslow’s earlier assertion (1956) that when people self-actualise, they are not afraid.

Although movement up and down the Spiral is still possible and people can learn to move along the Dimensions, there will tend to be a reversion to the centre of gravity when there is no stimulation for other ways of thinking and behaving.

Cerebellum: large structure at the back of the hindbrain involved with motor control. It both controls movement and organises the sensory information that guides the movement.

CAT scan. Graphic copyright © 2002 Psychology Press Ltd

Castration Anxiety: part of Sigmund Freud’s (1931) Oedipus Complex, boys aged 3-7 are said to be terrified their father will castrate them if he learns of their sexual desire for their mother.

Catharsis: the process of releasing pent-up psychic energy.

This is an important element in Psychoanalysis therapy where treatment involves making unconscious thoughts conscious This releases the associated emotions, thus enabling the pent-up psychic energy to be released and thus providing relief.

CAT Scan: the computerised axial tomography scan is a method of detecting activity in the brain to determine the function of different regions.

X-rays are passed through the head in a narrow beam while the participant is is engaged in an activity such as reading. X-ray detectors are arranged in an arc and feed information to a computer which generates the 3-dimensional scan image.

Cerebral Cortex: the surface layer (approximately 6 mm) of the cerebrum. It is tightly folded - hence the 'wrinkles' (sulci) - and divides into 4 pairs of Lobes:-

• Frontal - includes the primary and secondary motor cortex involved in the planning and control of movements. The frontal lobes are
  also associated with the higher thought processes such as abstract reasoning and plannng
• Parietal - contain the primary somatosensory cortex receiving information from the skin and the muscles about temperature, pain,
  pressure, etc
• Temporal - primarily involved in auditory processing and also important for the processing of memory information
• Occipital - mainly concerned with visual processing

The two halves of the cerebral cortex are joined by the fibres of the corpus callosum.

Cerebrospinal Fluid: lymph-like fluid filling the ventricles of the brain, the central canal of the spinal cord and other areas of the skull and spinal canal not taken up by solid tissue and blood vessels.

It is thought to play a role in tissue nutrition and possibly sleep.

Cerebrum: the term often used interchangeably with forebrain, this is the largest part of the brain and is divided into two halves (cerebral hemispheres) which are joined by fibres, including the corpus callosum. The cerebral cortex forms the outer layer of the cerebrum. Within the cerebrum are subcortical structures, including the limbic system and the basil ganglia.

Chaos Theory: considers apparently random behaviour within a deterministic system, such as the weather. The unpredictability of a chaotic system is not due to any lack of governing laws but to the outcome being sensitive to minute, unmeasurable variations in the initial conditions.

The oft-quoted example is of the butterfly flapping its wings can make the difference between a storm occurring or not occurring.

Chastity: the term has 3 related meanings in the context of sexual activity:-

1. Not having experienced sexual intercourse; virginal.
2. Abstaining from unlawful sexual intercourse.
3. Abstaining from all sexual intercourse; celibate.

As David Buss’ study (1989) into Cross-Cultural Mate Preferences shows, the importance of chastity varies across different cultures. However, almost universally men are more concerned with the chastity of women than women are with the chastity of men.

‘Chastity’ is also used to mean someone - again, usually a woman - is morally pure in thought or conduct; decent and modest.

Chromosomes: the X-shaped bodies that carry all the genetic information for an organism. In humans there are 46 pairs of chromosomes (one from the mother, one from the father). The sex chromosomes for females are described as XX while males are designated XY - because the Y male sex chromosome carries relatively little genetic information.

Chunking: first suggested by George A Miller (1956), in Cognitive Psychology this is combining individual letters or numbers into larger, meaningful units - as an aid to memory. See also 7+/-2. In NLP chunking is applied more generally, as in building bigger ideas from smaller ones - ‘chunking up’. (‘Chunking down’ is breaking bigger ideas down into their component parts.)