roots
Behaviourism
Cognitive approach
introduction of mental states into Behaviourist thinking
the brain-mind as information processor (stimulus - information processing - response)
computer analogies
Latent Learning and cognitive maps - Edward C Tolman & C H Honzik 1930
Bo-Bo doll experiments
young children imitate adult behaving aggressively towards a doll - Albert Bandura, Dorothea Ross & Sheila Ross 1961
young children imitate adult behaving aggressively when the adult is rewarded or at least not punished; they do not imitate an adult who is punished - Albert Bandura & Richard Walters 1963
children offered rewards for modelling the adults's behaviour replicated it - Bandura1965
Observational Learning requires
requires a role model
learner identifies with role model
behaviour of role model
observed
attended to
noted (stored in memory)
behaviour is imitated/reproduced
Vicarious Reinforcement
seeing others rewarded encourages us to imitate that behaviour
seeing others punished discourages us from repeating the behaviour
realising the behaviour is not rewarded may lead to extinction
effects
modelling
new behaviour is copied
eliciting
behaviour is copied but slightly differently
disinhibiting
carrying out a new, unique behaviour that is rewarded
inhibitory
stopping a behaviour that is punished
model
more likely to be imitate if similar
important or prestigious
observable
the more visible, the more able to be copied