Sigmund Freud studied in Paris under hypnotist Jean Martin Charcot late C19th/early C20th Vienna fled to London 1938 "...most influential theory of human behaviour....it profoundly altered Western ideas about human nature and changed the way we viewed ourselves and our experience." - J H Williams 1987 methodology observation & self-analysis few case studies white middle class Austrian women studied abnormal behaviour didn't study children Psychoanalysis therapy hypnosis - abandoned: too unreliable free association dream analysis parapraxes ('Freudian slips') transference - client transfers feelings onto analyst as part of resolution reading personality shaped by interaction between innate drives - eg: desire for pleasure - and extent early desires gratified conflicts between desire and experience conflicts exert pressure on adult via unconsciously motivated behaviour 3 levels of the mind Conscious what the individual is currently aware of Preconscious what can be brought into consciousness relatively easily Unconscious information all but impossible to bring into consciousness no distinction between real external events and internal ones such as dreams 5 stages of Psychosexual Development each stage is concerned with pleasure associated with an erogenous zone in which libido (life energy) is focused Oral first 18 months infant explores world and gets satisfaction from using its mouth sub-stage: incorporative sucking and swallowing sub-stage: aggressive biting and chewing mother the model for all future love relationships Anal 18-36 months associated with toilet training sub-stage: expulsion child gets pleasure from defecating sub-stage: retention child gets satisfaction from holding it in until it is acceptable to defecate Phallic 3-6 years genitals become a key source of pleasure Oedipus Complex for boys about 5 penis envy for girls Latent 6 years to puberty boys and girls tend to spend little time together Genital puberty onwards main source of sexual pleasure in genitals fixations possible at each stage caused by severe problems excessive pleasure 3 parts of the mind Id Unconscious Mind Eros - sex/life instinct - libido Thanatos - death instinct 'Pleasure Principle' Ego (0-2 yrs) 'Reality Principle' mediates between Id and environment understands consequences associated with Anal Phase Superego (3-7 yrs) 'Morality Principle' Ego Ideal how it should be pride in doing right Conscience sense of right and wrong shame at doing wrong associated with Phallic Phase Oedipus Complex (boys) sexual desires for mother get rid of rival father fear of father castrating him (castration anxiety) resolve by identification with father and his (male) values + behaviours girls Electra Complex - Carl Gustav Jung 1917 penis envy - blame mother desire father - and to have his child anaclitic identification with mother to model her (female) values and behaviours weaker Superego conflicts Id vs Ego neurosis insanity if Id destroys Ego Ego vs Superego moral anxiety Id vs Superego self-expression vs conformity Ego (Selfplex) Defence Mechanisms