Biological Genes & Behaviour Hormones & Behaviour strengths based on reliable tests animals brain scanning different research methods produce similar results weaknesses difficulty in generalising from animals to humans different brain structures or different ways of using the brain? Psychodynamic Sigmund Freud believed that children potentially bisexual until Phallic Stage boys: Oedipus Complex girls: compensation strategy for penis envy resolution: model same-sex parent strengths strength: unfalsifiable occasional case studies do seem to portray children having incestuous desires towards their opposite sex parent weaknesses unfalsifiable - can't be tested little evidence boys less stereotyped if father missing boys identify with more with warm and supportive father - P H Mussen & Ernest Rutherford 1963 Behaviourism people conditioned as to what is gender appropriate children direct tuition rewarded for gender appropriate behaviour punished for gender inappropriate behaviour model observational learning same sex effect of media stereotyping - especially TV strengths can be observed conditioning experiments using animals have been replicated weaknesses doesn't account for similarities across different cultures with different norms and values differences between boys and girls at birth