stereotypes of attractiveness 'average' faces more attractive than 95 percent of 'real' faces - Judith Langlois & Lori Roggman 1990 common stereotypes generally hold true - Saul Feinman & George Gill 1978 women facial features are important childlike features wide cheekbones & narrow cheekbones also attractive - Michael Cunningham 1986 indicates high levels of oestrogen - A Cellerino (2003) overall weight an important factor - Stephen Franzoi & Mary Herzog 1987 men who score highly on the Macho Scale much influenced by physical attractiveness - J C Towhey 1979 men more likely to be judged on stature, muscles & buttocks than face firm buttocks and large chests - S B Beck, C I Ward-Hull & P M McLear 1976 square jaw, small eyes, thin lips indicate maturity - Cunningham 1986 taller men preferred - B Pawlowski, Robin Dunbar & A Lipowicz 2000 square-jawed 'hunks' fancied at most fertile time of cycle; slightly-feminised faces more at other times - Ian Penton-Voak 1999 more 'feminine' features judged more appealing - David Perrett 1999 universals of female attractiveness? - Cunningham, Alan Roberts, Anita Barbee, Perri Druen & Cheng-Huan Wu 1995 physically attractive people = generally attractive - J C Brigham 1971 more attractive=more sensitive, kind, interesting, strong, poised, sociable, outgoing, caring, exciting, sexually warm and responsive, likely to have successful marriage and be happy - Karen Dion, Ellen Berscheid & Elaine Walster 1972 attractive people are more popular and sought after, assumed to be higher in positive traits (eg: intelligence, kindness, warmth), more likely to be employed (even when attractiveness is not a job prerequisite) and perceived as happier, more sensitive, successful and socially skilled - Solomon 1987 Halo Effect: total impression unduly influenced by one trait men think... - S R Weir & M Fine-Davis 1989 blondes lower IQs redheads difficult redheaded men negative image - Dennis Clayson & Micol Maughan 1984 physical attractiveness related to positive self-concept - R A Lerner & S M Karabenick 1974 good mental health - G R Adams 1981 assertiveness & self-confidence - Karen Dion & Steven Stein 1978 female likelihood of employment - even if not job prerequisite ('Professional Beauty Qualification' - Naomi Wolf 1991) self-fulfilling prophecy? more socially-skilled women were more attractive - W Goldman & P Lewis 1977 men friendlier & took initiative more when believed talking to attractive women - M I Snyder, E D Tanke & Berscheid 1977 essays rated higher in quality when supposedly written by more attractive women - David Landy & Elliot Aronson 1969 killing an attractive victim resulted in a longer sentence than killing an unattractive victim - Landy & Aronson 1969 a more attractive defendant received a harsher sentence than an unattractive one when she used her attractiveness to swindle someone - H Sigall & N Ostrove 1975 attractive women judged as egoistic, vain, materialistic, snobbish and less likely to have a successful marriage - Marshall Dermer & Darrel Thiel 1975 importance of attractiveness surveys show physical attractiveness not impt for liking - F A C Perrin 1921; Abraham Tesser & Michael Brodie 1971 important for later dates - E W Mathes 1975 declines in importance when marriage partner being chosen - W Stroebe, C A Insko, V D Thompson & B D Layton 1971 physically attractive boys & girls (5-6) more popular with their peers - Karen Dion & Berscheid 1972 women believed attractive children less likely than unattractive children to commit aggressive act - Kenneth Dion 1972 schema reverse effect: men & women influenced in rating female photos more attractive by favourable personality descriptions - A E Gross & C Crofton 1977 greater physical attractiveness greater displays of physical intimacy - Silverman 1971 symmetry is a handicap - requires good genes - A P Moller 1992, D Concar 1995 Matching Hypothesis attracted to people of same level of attractiveness fear of rejection by more attractive - Huston 1973 Expectancy-Value Theory: try to get most attractive partner who might realistically want us - what is 'fitting' (Roger Brown, 1986) first 'computer dance' did not support - Elaine Walster, V Aronson, D Abrahams & L Rottman 1966 follow-on info did repeat 'computer dance' did - Elaine Walster & G William Walster 1969 engaged & dating couples judged from photos to be similar levels of physical attractiveness - Bernard Murstein 1972 married couples more similar than dating couples - Murstein & P Christy 1976 can also include trade-off with other characteristics - eg: very beautiful (Marilyn Monroe) & very intelligent (Arthur Miller) or very beautiful (Anna Nicole Smith) & very wealthy (J Howard Marshall) 'personality'? more important than looks? warm and competent liked more than others - Zick Rubin 1973 cultural factors eg: extroversion valued more than introversion - Steve Duck 1999 Hazel Markus, Shinobu Kitayama & Rachel Heiman 1997 American and Canadian students rated 'assertive' and 'strong' with 'physical attractiveness' Korean students rated 'sensitive' and 'generous' with 'physical attractiveness' perception of personality trait may change over length of relationship - Diane Felmlee 1995